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This study aims to identify the group of accountants affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic through salary reduction and what group assistance should be focused on in terms of financial aid. A total of 366 accountants from Mindanao participate in the study. A survey questionnaire was utilized to collate demographics and the effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the salaries of Mindanao Accountants. The cross-tabulation between variables is utilized to determine the age, employer's industry, certifications or licenses, and salary range greatly affected by COVID-19, comparing it with the two-way ANOVA test to study their association. This was tested to determine if COVID-19 affected the Mindanao accountants and resulted in salary reductions. This paper discovered that accountants in Mindanao are affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic with a negative impact on the salaries of accountants aged 46 and above, employed in the academic sector or earning P35,000–P39,000, regardless of whether they are certified practicing accountants (CPA) or Non-CPA with or without other certifications or licenses. Also, the study revealed a significant association between the employment effect of COVID-19 and the industry group of Mindanao Accountants compared to the COVID-19 impact on salaries. Recommending for pandemic responses to accountants be grouped based on their industry. © 2022 The Authors. Published by IASE.
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This research aims to describe the data by measuring the demographic survey of MSMEs in Indonesia with innovation. This study also explicitly explores the interactions between demographic data elements, especially gender with the most selected and used innovation in COVID-19 pandemic situation. Utilizing cross-sectional survey data from 300 Indonesian MSMEs owners, this study is empirically tested using descriptive analysis. Cross-tabulation is also used to examine demographic data elements, particularly those related to gender and marketing innovation. The descriptive analysis frequency data shows that marketing innovation has a greater impact on the performance of MSMEs during the COVID-19 pandemic than product innovation,, process innovation and organizational innovation. Additionally, this study's cross-tabulation of marketing innovation and gender shows that men tend to agree more on items MI2 and MI3 it's because more flexible and convenient in distributing products especially during COVID-19 pandemic crisis and women tend to agree on MI1 it's because women more active in social media than men. The findings show that demography, especially in gender, has an influence on the tendency to use marketing innovation decisions in COVID-19 pandemic situation. Therefore, the results of this study will increase our understanding of MSME performance and innovation. It also creates an understanding for MSMEs owners of gender based MSME enterprises in Indonesia. © 2022 WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on SYSTEMS. All rights reserved.
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Objectives: To describe vaccine and booster uptake by neighborhood-level factors in California. Methods: We examined trends in COVID-19 vaccination up to September 21, 2021, and boosters up to March 29, 2022 using data from the California Department of Public Health. Quasi-Poisson regression was used to model the association between neighborhood-level factors and fully vaccinated and boosted among ZIP codes. Sub-analyses on booster rates were compared among the 10 census regions. Results: In a minimally adjusted model, a higher proportion of Black residents was associated with lower vaccination (HR = 0.97; 95%CI: 0.96-0.98). However, in a fully adjusted model, proportion of Black, Hispanic/Latinx, and Asian residents were associated with higher vaccination rates (HR = 1.02; 95%CI: 1.01-1.03 for all). The strongest predictor of low vaccine coverage was disability (HR = 0.89; 95%CI: 0.86-0.91). Similar trends persisted for booster doses. Factors associated with booster coverage varied by region. Conclusions: Examining neighborhood-level factors associated with COVID-19 vaccination and booster rates uncovered significant variation within the large and geographically and demographically diverse state of California. Equity-based approaches to vaccination must ensure a robust consideration of multiple social determinants of health.
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The informal sector retailers in Indonesia are considered problems in the urban public spaces and a disturbance of comfort, traffics, views, and environmental cleanliness as a concern during the Covid-19 pandemic period. Until now, the government policies toward the retailers are in the form of eviction. In fact, these activities are actual activities that happen around urban areas, so they must be accommodated. Accommodating those activities is reinforced by its advantage that can provide a livelihood for marginalized people who have a problem due to the pandemic critical events. These activities could be sustainable in urban spaces. Their existence problems were found in Salatiga City, so it’s necessary to study the space as a place for their activities there under the pandemic period. This study aims to examine the retailers’ spaces during the pandemic in Pancasila Square Salatiga City. This study applies a quantitative approach using cross-tabulation to understand the relation of the variables between spaces and the activity characteristics of the retailers. Data was collected using observations and questionnaires. The results describe a suitable location, comfortable place, and sustainable spaces for retailers during the pandemic which will have an impact on the sustainability of the informal sector retailers in urban public spaces.
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The activity supports as one of the elements of urban designs which grow and develop because there are the main activities there are informal sector traders that can provide job opportunities for the jobless people due to the pandemic. However, those particular objects places in the public space are often considered to interfere with other activities around it, so finally, it becomes an element out of place. In addition, the condition of disturbing others done by informal sector traders also occurred in Surakarta City, which much disrupted, whereas actually their informal sector trader activities were basically needed to support their own needs. It is a real urban activity that must be accommodated, so it can turn into an in-place element and impact sustainable activities even during the pandemic. In supporting the sustainable activities of informal sector traders in the post-Covid-19, it was done research aimed to explain sustainable activities for informal sector traders in the post-Covid-19 public spaces. The method used was a quantitative method through questionnaires, observations, and cross-tabulation to analyze the characteristics of sustainable activity for informal sector traders in the post-Covid-19 public spaces. The results showed that the characteristics of sustainable activities for informal sector traders include the main activities based on the area, the type of products, trading facilities, a trading time, a spare pattern, hawker units’ informal sector traders’ activities during the Covid-19 pandemic and informal sector activities in the post-Covid-19.
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This study assessed problems associated with irrigation water provisions and the potential barriers to the adaptation of the interventions (soil moisture sensors, on-farm water storage facilities and the drip method) under rotational canal water distribution in Punjab, Pakistan. Three groups of stakeholders were individually surveyed during September–December 2020: (i) 72 farmers, (ii) 15 officials, and (iii) 14 academicians. We used descriptive statistical analysis, cross-tabulation and the Fisher test to explore the pattern of responses across the groups. The main problems in the canal water distribution system were expressed by the farmers as limited water allocation, while academicians were concerned mostly with inflexibility and officials indicated discussion among neighbors. According to the farmers’ responses, the conventional depth/interval of irrigation is flooding the field with water and observing the plants, indicating over-irrigation behavior. Moreover, the most important barriers in the adaptation of the interventions that were highly rated by the three groups were low awareness, lack of training and financial resources. Additionally, farmers’ education revealed a statistically significant influence on awareness of soil moisture sensors and water storage facilities, while large farm holders showed a positive relationship to conducting a joint experiment with scientists and farmers’ associations on part of their land to improve water use efficiency.
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Background: To predict areas with a high concentration of long-term uninsured (LTU) and Emergency Department (ED) usage by uninsured patients in South Carolina. Methods: American Community Survey data was used to predict the concentration of LTU at the ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA) level. In a multivariate regression model, the LTU concentration was then modeled to predict ED visits by uninsured patients. ED data came from the restricted South Carolina Patient Encounter data with patients’ billing zip codes. A simulation was conducted to predict changes in the ED visit numbers and rates by uninsured patients if the LTU concentration was reduced to a lower level. Results: Overall, there was a positive relationship between ED visit rates by the uninsured patients and areas with higher concentrations of LTU. Our simulation model predicted that if the LTU concentration for each ZCTA was reduced to the lowest quintile, the ED visit rates by the uninsured would decrease significantly. The greatest reduction in the number of ED visits by the uninsured over a two-year period was for the following primary diagnoses: abdominal pain (15,751 visits), cellulitis and abscess (11,260 visits) and diseases for the teeth and supporting structures (10,525 visits). Conclusions: The provision of primary healthcare services to the LTU could help cut back inappropriate uses of ED resources and healthcare costs.
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With the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic all over the world, the education sector has experienced a tremendous transformation from its tradition way of providing lectures to the online mode of lectures. The online meeting platforms play a significant role in enhancing the online learning experience of the students. There are many online meeting platforms available, which offer several similar features yet provide different experiences to the users. It is important to evaluate the most preferable online meeting platform for the education sector to improve the overall education quality especially in the online learning era. This study, therefore, evaluates the preference of higher education students' preferences for online meeting platforms. For this study, three most commonly used online platforms i.e., Google Meet, MS Teams, and Zoom are considered. The evaluation process is done using cross-tabulation analysis and Chi-Square analysis. The results obtained in this study suggests that Google Meet is the most preferred online meeting platform by the students. This study provides an insight about the platform that can be used by the educators to improve the overall learning experiences of the students. © 2021 IEEE.
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Certain events bring unprecedented changes for the way things take place in our life. Spread of COVID-19 has brought a paradigm shift in a similar manner to the way we learn things and has dramatically altered the teaching learning process. Like any other tool, online learning was considered to be a supporting hand for augmenting the teaching learning experience by making the learning process more interactive and participative. COVID-19 has made online teaching as the sole mode for teaching learning for students and teachers. Without any doubt, when we run out of options only then we can ascertain the true facets of something. It can also be applied to evaluate the effectiveness of online teaching over traditional teaching. The present study is an endeavor to assess the stakeholder's perception for this new teaching learning environment which has emerged during this unprecedented situation. Respondents were selected using stratified judgment sampling method. 120 respondents from Delhi NCR were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Statistical tools like factor analysis, cross tabulation, t-test and discriminant analysis were used for data analysis. Factor analysis led to formation of dimensions namely awareness related to online teaching learning process, perception for decisions taken by higher education bodies, impact of pandemic on economic conditions and subsequent attendance and effectiveness of online classes. Further two-group discriminant analysis was applied to find out association among predictors and effectiveness of online learning. It was observed that awareness related to online teaching learning process, perception for decisions taken by administration, impact of pandemic on economic conditions, attendance, socio-economic background were prominent factors which significantly affect the respondent's perception for effectiveness of online classes._
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Novel Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. Most people who fall sick with this disease will experience moderate symptoms and recover without any special treatment but those who are having respiratory and cardio diseases may affect the infections in a serious way. The infection was seen in Kerala by the end of February, by the end of March Kerala Government declared lockdown for keeping the people more safe. Lockdown was started for 7 days and government extended it to end of April 2020. Gradually the government give relaxation on lockdown. Different sectors were affected in this pandemic followed by lockdown. Migrants employees were inattentive group of people those who were belongs to less privileged category moved from different parts of the country for their livelihood ,movement of people from the place of birth to anywhere to reside and settle can be called as 'migration'1. According to IOM2 "migration is the movement of a person or a group of persons either across an international boarder or within a country/state". The process of migration is as old as human history as it pave the way for forming different civilizations and surely, it will continue till human life exists. This study tries to analyze how the migrants face the financial issues in the time of lockdown 2020, it also tries to find out the socio-economic background of the in-migrant workers. Thus to explore the reasons behind their migration to Kerala and their working atmosphere, heterogeneity among them in terms of place of origin, age groups, culture, educational standards, their consumption pattern, improvements in earnings, savings, living standards etc. Therefore this study stands relevant and timely in the light of above mentioned dimensions. The economic conditions of the migrant workers in Ernakulam district at the time of lockdown, sample collected was 134 migrants analysis of statistical data we use SPSS 22 version. Used Excel for graphical representation of the data,mainly carryout statistical test such as: Paired t test& Cross tabulation.Descriptive design with quantitative method is used._
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PURPOSE: To examine neighborhood-level disparities in SARS-CoV-2 molecular test percent positivity in New York City (NYC) by demographics and socioeconomic status over time to better understand COVID-19 inequities. METHODS: Across 177 neighborhoods, we calculated the Spearman correlation of neighborhood characteristics with SARS-CoV-2 molecular test percent positivity during March 1-July 25, 2020 by five periods defined by trend in case counts: increasing, declining, and three plateau periods to account for differential testing capacity and reopening status. RESULTS: Percent positivity was positively correlated with neighborhood racial and ethnic characteristics and socioeconomic status, including the proportion of the population who were Latino and Black non-Latino, uninsured, Medicaid enrollees, transportation workers, or had low educational attainment. Correlations were generally consistent over time despite increasing testing rates. Neighborhoods with high proportions of these correlates had median percent positivity values of 62.6%, 28.7%, 6.4%, 2.8%, and 2.2% in the five periods, respectively, compared with 40.6%, 11.7%, 1.7%, 0.9%, and 1.0% in neighborhoods with low proportions of these correlates. CONCLUSIONS: Disparities in SARS-CoV-2 molecular test percent positivity persisted in disadvantaged neighborhoods during multiple phases of the first few months of the COVID-19 epidemic in NYC. Mitigation of the COVID-19 burden is still urgently needed in disproportionately affected communities.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Hispanic or Latino , Humans , New York City/epidemiology , Residence Characteristics , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The social and physical environments in which people live affect the emergence, prevalence, and severity of both infectious and noninfectious diseases. There are limited data on how such social determinants of health, including neighborhood socioeconomic conditions, affect the risk of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine how social determinants of health are associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 illness in hospitalized pregnant patients in New York during the global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study evaluated all pregnant patients who delivered and had polymerase chain reaction testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 between March 15, 2020, and June 15, 2020, at 7 hospitals within Northwell Health, the largest academic health system in New York. During the study period, universal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 testing protocols were implemented at all sites. Polymerase chain reaction testing was performed using nasopharyngeal swabs. Patients were excluded if the following variables were not available: polymerase chain reaction results, race, ethnicity, or zone improvement plan (ZIP) code of residence. Clinical data were obtained from the enterprise electronic health record system. For each patient, ZIP code was used as a proxy for neighborhood. Socioeconomic characteristics were determined by linking to ZIP code data from the United States Census Bureau's American Community Survey and the Internal Revenue Service's Statistics of Income Division. Specific variables of interest included mean persons per household, median household income, percent unemployment, and percent with less than high school education. Medical records were manually reviewed for all subjects with positive polymerase chain reaction test results to correctly identify symptomatic patients and then classify those subjects using the National Institutes of Health severity of illness categories. Classification was based on the highest severity of illness throughout gestation and not necessarily at the time of presentation for delivery. RESULTS: A total of 4873 patients were included in the study. The polymerase chain reaction test positivity rate was 11% (n=544). Among this group, 359 patients (66%) were asymptomatic or presymptomatic, 115 (21%) had mild or moderate coronavirus disease 2019, and 70 (13%) had severe or critical coronavirus disease 2019. On multiple logistic regression modeling, pregnant patients who had a positive test result for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were more likely to be younger or of higher parity, belong to minoritized racial and ethnic groups, have public health insurance, have limited English proficiency, and reside in low-income neighborhoods with less educational attainment. On ordinal logit regression modeling, obesity, income and education were associated with coronavirus disease 2019 severity. CONCLUSION: Social and physical determinants of health play a role in determining the risk of infection. The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 illness was not associated with race or ethnicity but was associated with maternal obesity and neighborhood level characteristics such as educational attainment and household income.